May 26, 2009

Commercial Financing Super Regional Malls – Description and Design

Filed under: Finance Information @ 12:04 pm

Super-regional shopping malls represent the largest single concentration of retail shops in the shopping center format. Super-regional malls, often more than one story in height, may exceed 1 million square feet in leasable area. A few “super-regional” malls are in excess of 2.1 million square feet; however, most are between 1.1 and 1.5 million square feet of gross leasable area. The term super- regional indicates that the market area the center serves has a population of 300,000 or more. The term mall indicates that the shops are to be clustered around a core area usually restricted to pedestrian traffic. Most of the recent successful super-regional malls have been totally enclosed, roofed, and air-conditioned. The tenants lease space for their merchandising area, plus basements and other storage space, employee rest areas, and offices. Tenants also pay a pro rata share of the expenses of operating the enclosed, purely public spaces in the mall; each share is based on a formula of the tenant’s percentage of gross leasable area to the total leasable area.

Super-regional malls are generally “anchored” by at least four major retail departments stores. These huge retailers have advertising budgets, reputations, and size that generate considerable shopping traffic. Anchor tenants often demand and receive rent concessions; they may even build and own their own buildings on space donated by the developer to attract them to the mall. In terms of rent paid, the anchors usually offer only break-even benefit to the developer; however, they are often key to the success of the other retailers, who pay higher rents to make up for the anchors’ concessions.

Besides the anchor department stores, a variety of other tenants are attracted to super-regional malls. The 10 most prevalent mall tenants (after department stores), listed in order of their occurrence, are

  • women’s ready-to-wear shops
  • jewelry shops
  • fast food carryout restaurants
  • menswear shops
  • women’s shoe stores
  • women’s specialty clothing shops
  • family shoe shops
  • card and gift shops
  • department stores
  • special apparelunisex clothing shops
  • The design of the super-regional mall is often critical to the success of the non-anchor chain stores and local tenants. Such tenants get the exposure they need from the pedestrian traffic between the anchors. A four-cornered pattern creates the maximum amount of traffic for local shops. If a mall includes tenants such as restaurants or movie theaters, which create their own traffic, a central location on the pedestrian path is less critical. (Often, restaurants and movie houses will be segregated, if possible, as they often cause congestion and litter that are inconvenient to other tenants.)

    In addition to higher rents per square foot of leased space, retailers pay more to operate in a super-regional mall than to operate in an open-air or “strip” shopping center. This is primarily because mall tenants must pay a pro rata share of the cost of heating, cooling, and cleaning an enclosed pedestrian space.

    Chad Mayes is the creator of CEMLending Connection, a resource which provides commercial mortgage loan financing and residential refinance and purchase options. This article is copyright of CEMLending Connection. This article may be reproduced as long as author’s name and all links remain intact.

    Capitalizing on Equipment Leasing for Your Business

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 5:49 am

    If your capital budget is tight, but you need equipment to establish, maintain or grow your business, don’t worry. Do what most other companies do: Take advantage of equipment leasing.

    Equipment leasing is a viable and very popular option for companies large and small. In fact, 80 percent of all businesses in the United States lease all or part of their equipment, according to the Equipment Leasing Association (ELA).

    That’s not surprising, given the broad benefits of equipment leasing. This creative financing option offers business owners the best of both worlds: It allows you to pay only for the value of the equipment that you use during the lease term, rather than purchasing the equipment outright.

    More specifically, the company selling the equipment simply makes a direct referral to a leasing company. The lease financing company buys and owns the equipment and then “rents” it to you for a fixed monthly fee over a set period. Leases can range anywhere from $2,000 to $2 million, with terms running 12 to 60 months.

    Equipment leasing-which is suitable for any business at any stage of development-can be used to finance all types of equipment. Leases typically involve items such as office equipment, computers, and trucks and vehicles. But equipment leasing can also be used to finance software, hardware, consulting, maintenance, freight, and installation and training costs.

    Benefits of Equipment Leasing

    Equipment leasing gives you the ability to have the latest equipment for business, plus transfer the risk of technological obsolescence to another company. Leasing offers flexible terms and customized options that take into account your needs regarding cash flow, budget, transaction structure and seasonal fluctuations. And there’s generally no down payment or collateral required with equipment leasing.

    By leasing instead of buying equipment, you can leave money in the bank that can be devoted for other expenses. Since lease payments are usually smaller than regular loan payments, you don’t have to pay out as much each month. You don’t make use of your bank loans or lines of credit to lease equipment, and in general, a lease obligation is not carried on the balance sheet of your company. Also, the payments for leasing business equipment are generally tax-deductible.

    Additionally, an equipment lease is generally more easily obtained than traditional bank financing. An application for a small-ticket lease of less than $100,000 is generally no more complicated than a credit card application. However, leases for more than $250,000 require detailed financial information from the business and a more thorough credit analysis.

    Common Types of Equipment Lease Agreement

    Lease agreement terms vary according to the financing company. However, the lease structure is generally affected by your credit rating, transaction size, asset type, industry and location. The key to getting the most suitable type of lease is to match the agreement to your equipment needs, cash flow requirements and overall business goals.

    When considering a lease agreement, here are some important points to keep in mind. Most lease agreements require you to be responsible for the equipment for only as long as it is in your use or possession. In many leases, you’re responsible for the burden of maintenance, interest, taxes and insurance. When the lease ends, you can opt to purchase the equipment for its fair market value (or a fixed or predetermined amount), continue leasing it, return it or lease new equipment.

    Operating and finance leases are two of the most common types of lease agreements. With an operating lease-also known as a “true” or “fair market” lease-the goal is not to pay for the equipment. This type of lease is particularly attractive to companies that continually update or replace equipment and want to use equipment without ownership, but also want to return equipment at lease-end and avoid technological obsolescence.

    An operating lease usually results in the lowest payment of any financing alternative and is an excellent strategy for bypassing capital budgeting restraints. It typically qualifies for off-balance sheet treatment and can result in improved return on asset due to a lower asset base. And it can also result in higher reported earnings in the early years of the lease.

    The finance or capital lease is ideal for companies that want to own their equipment once the lease agreement ends, but prefer to use the benefits of leasing to acquire equipment. A finance lease is a non-cancellable, full-payout, agreement, in which the lessee is responsible for maintenance, taxes and insurance. This kind of agreement is most appealing when the lessee wants the tax benefits of ownership or expects the equipment’s residual value to be high. The lessee purchases the equipment upon lease termination at a pre-set amount. The term of a finance lease tends to be longer, nearly covering the useful life of the equipment.

    10 Questions to Ask Before Signing an Equipment Lease Agreement

    When considering an equipment leasing contract, make sure you do your homework to negotiate the best terms for your business. The ELA recommends asking the following 10 questions before signing any lease agreement.

    1. How am I planning to use this equipment?

    2. Does the leasing representative understand my business and how this transaction helps me to do business?

    3. What is the total lease payment and are there any other costs that I could incur before the lease ends?

    4. What happens if I want to change this lease or end the lease early?

    5. How am I responsible if the equipment is damaged or destroyed?

    6. What are my obligations for the equipment (such as insurance, taxes and maintenance) during the lease?

    7. Can I upgrade the equipment or add equipment under this lease?

    8. What are my options at the end of the lease?

    9. What are the procedures I must follow if I choose to return the equipment?

    10. Are there any extra costs at the end of the lease?

    Capitalizing on equipment leasing can help your business maximize resources while minimizing costs and risks.

    David Springer - EzineArticles Expert Author

    Sovereign Funding Group is an experienced, reputable company that offers convenient, no-risk services to help you with the selling of your deferred payments and business financing, including equipment leasing.

    Forex, An Alternative Investment Vehicle

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 2:47 am

    Forex (Foreign Currency Exchange Market) has been used by international banks and large investment companies for years to make millions of dollars. However, with easy access to the Internet, it is now possible for anyone to take advantage of this powerful tool and make money the same way large institutions do, even with minimal startup funds at hand.

    Even experienced investors seem mystified by Forex and have very little understanding of it. Forex is not much different from the Stock Market, often the same or similar techniques can be used to trade currency as is used to trade stocks and commodities. What make Forex so mysterious is the lack of available information and opportunities of training.

    I have listed 10 good reasons why I prefer Forex to the Stock Market or any other investment option and why any individual, or small investor, should look at getting involved with Forex:

    1. A 24 hour market. You don’t have to worry about running out of time because the Forex is open 24 hours a day, nearly all week.

    2. Huge liquidity. Have you ever got stuck trying to get rid of some stocks or options? With Forex, there are always buyers, thousands of them!

    3. No commission on your trading. This is specially important for individuals with small amount of money to invest. When using other investment vehicles the cost of the investment is often prohibitive no matter how attractive the investment itself is. Brokerage and other government fees can easily eat up your profit even before you completed a transaction. With Forex, there are no brokerage, government etc fees involved.

    4. Low transaction costs. Typically less than 0.1%!

    5. No middleman. The investor is dealing directly with the Market.

    6. Instantaneous transactions. Forex is fully computerised and transaction can be completed in as little 2 seconds. The investor does not have to wait for trade confirmation to arrive by email, worst yet, by post. All ‘paper-work’ is in electronic format, easily viewed, search, analysed.

    7. Huge leverage yet low margin. Both increase your profit. In most cases leverage of 10:1 to 100:1 is the rule not the exception.

    8. Minimal startup requirements. Again very important for individual or small investors. With Forex it is possible to start trading with as little as $300.00 dollars!

    9. Easy access to the Market and your accounts, online, 24/7. Since Forex is completely computerised, anyone with Internet access can trade online and easily access their account and trading history. Most trading platforms allow the user to export this information to other third party software for storage, graphing, analysis etc.

    10. No insider trading. Because of the way Forex is ‘de-centralised’, it is almost impossible for anyone to fraud the system.

    I could go on for ever about Forex, it is an amazing tool for investors and also a very exciting opportunity for individuals. I hope you’ll catch the fever, too.

    Wishing you success,

    Ference is fanatic about currency trading. When not gazing currency charts he spends his time searching for new investment opprotunities. Visit one of Ference’s sites at: http://www.forexguys.com or contact him at ference_kish@yahoo.co.nz

    Discover The Hidden Online Trading Costs That No One Tells You About

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 1:01 am

    One of the most commonly asked questions that I receive is this, How much do I need to actually start my online trading business and make a full-time income from it?

    This is a good question, but there are more costs to starting trading than simply setting your online trading float. (By an online trading float, I mean the amount of capital that you have to trade with.) When you first begin your online trading business, you’re going to have to pay a sort of tuition.

    You’ll encounter a learning curve when you start your new online trading career. Don’t try and skip this, just make sure you prepare for it in advance. The best way to do this is to treat your online trading as if you would any other business. Any business, including online trading, requires start-up capital.

    First, look carefully at where you’re getting your money from. Maybe you’ve been considering online trading for a while and built up some savings. That’s good planning. Maybe you’re considering borrowing money. This is generally a bad idea. Maxing out your credit cards is a quick and easy way to get cash, but the effects can be devastating. It’s hard enough to worry about making online trading profits without worrying about the debt servicing on your credit cards as well. You will be too concerned with making payments to be concerned about good trading.

    Don Miller talks about this in Trading Markets World Meet the Traders, when he tells new traders to worry about making money in your new online trading business. One of the best ways to learn about online trading is to begin on a part-time basis. This allows you to hone your skills while you still have an income stream.

    Unless you’re doing your online trading from an office, computers, data-feeds and software are all a part of start-up costs. Of course, the costs for a trader don’t end there. You also have drawdowns, which are a part of your new online trading business. There are going to be times when you lose money for long periods, count on it and make sure you plan for it.

    In terms of growth, would you expect to purchase a business for five thousand dollars, and see it turn over one million dollars in the next financial year? Yes, this is achievable. But, it’s not very likely. The same can be said with online trading, particularly when you are starting out. Don’t come to the online trading market with five thousand dollars and expect to turn it over to one million dollars by the end of the year. Don’t base your financial decisions on this idea.

    However, the return you achieve does depend on what products you decide to trade. If you are trading leverage products, you’ll have a greater chance for reward, but there is more risk involved with trading these types of instruments. Though there is no perfect amount of capital to start trading with, generally the bigger the online trading float you begin with, the easier it is to trade.

    The key here is to simply define how much online trading capital you’re going to trade with and have it set up as a separate business. That way you’re not drawing on the profits all the time and losing your focus. Remember, your online trading is a business now. With your online trading float defined, and your online trading system and money management rules in place, you will be able to run a profitable online trading business.

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    The Benefits of Online Banking and Investment

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 12:02 am

    The past decade has seen a great deal of change within the business of banking. Banking the old fashion away is no longer cost efficient or effective. Today, banks are encouraging their clients to bank and invest online whenever possible. Once way in which banks “encourage” their patrons is to charage larger fees for personal services which were once free. If you are getting charged any fee at all for your banking services you definitely need to shop around for a new bank.

    Why is online banking so popular?

    Some banks are simply not tech savvy enough to have the available online tools which can meet a modern investor’s needs. Especially if you have a long history with a particular bank and you would rather not start over someplace else. You may want to inquire at your bank if they have any type of low cost checking or saving programs. Any service that requires human contact with a customer costs more money. Paying tellers and personal bankers is extremely expensive for a bank and they would much rather have the majority of their customers use the automated online, phone, and atm services. Training employees, uniforms, benefits, and overhead costs like rent on the branch office all cost money. But with the development of online banking and investment none of those things are any longer necessary.

    Is investing online safe?

    Investment companies also all their clients to invest and do research online. They have made available information that the casual investor simply could not get their hands on a decade ago. Now investment companies have company and stock profiles, investment tips, charts, guides, and even practice demos for online trading. Another benefit of online investing is that it can be any time of day. Clients love the ease of access and people can trade stocks from the privacy and comfort of their own homes. If you choose to do your investing online remember there will a small fee (less then a financial advisor fee) associated with each time you buy and sell stock. Make sure that when you give your money to an online investment company that you have research the company and they have long history of successful investing both online and off. Fraudulent activity online is fairly common and can be avoid if you are smart and educated investor.

    Whether you do banking or investing online be sure to read the find print of the services offered. Double check the company’s privacy policy. You want to make sure they are not going to sell your email address, home address, or phone number to telemarketing companies.

    Certainly a check-less or paper-less system is also beneficial. It has been estimated that in the past each transaction made at bank cost a total of $4 dollars. Today, each internet transaction costs a total of 10 cents. The difference is all profit to the bank. There are some risk associated with online banking and investing however if you are careful with your personal information and choose the right institutions to do business with this concern will never be a reality.

    Visit the Global Investment Institute and signup for our free Investing For The Beginner E-Course at http://www.Global-Investment-Institute.com Investment webmasters or publishers, please feel free to use this article provided this reference is included and all links remain active.

    May 22, 2009

    Improve Your Professional Image Using Address Labels

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 2:06 pm

    Improve Your Professional Image Using Address Labels

    One of the simplest ways to improve your professional image is by using address labels. Self-adhesive business labels are THE way to go when it comes to a professional image. Why handwrite addresses when you can get preprinted ones cheaply and easily?

    Most companies today use some form of preprinted address or return labels. Some companies also prefer using a rubber stamp embossed with their company logo. You can usually customize address labels with your name, address and other business information with the click of a button.

    Whether you are just starting out or have been in business for years, one thing is certain. Customers expect the best when working with a business. When you use preprinted mailing and return address labels, customers know you are a professional. They know your product or service is high quality. They understand you will go above and beyond to provide them the best and meet their needs.

    Must Have Business Labels List

    When buying or creating business address labels, there are certain “must have” items you should include. Some important information you need to consider for your labels include:

    • Your business name. You can print this at the top of your label. An address label won’t do you any good if the customer doesn’t remember who they ordered from.
    • You phone number. You definitely need to provide your customers an easy way to get in touch with you. You may also want to provide your fax number.
    • E-mail and Web address. Of these your Website address is probably more critical. You can always refer customers to your Website and have them contact you via a form on your site.

    Many businesses also enjoy using address, return and mailing labels as a way to send their logo, tagline or marketing message to customers. Your customers are more likely to remember who you are and what you do when you provide them a short message. Something simple, like “Dan’s window repair. The fastest service in town”.

    Customer oriented messages and uplifting quotes always do well on business labels.

    Themed Business Labels

    If you have a business you should invest in some holiday address labels. Holiday labels are a simple way to add a personal message or touch to bulk mailings. A simple message also makes bill paying less tedious for your customers.

    Don’t think holiday labels are the only way to say you care however. You can send labels in various themes. For example, if you are in the equine industry why not send horse address labels? You might also consider personalized address labels with your favorite inspirational quote. If you provide religious services or want to send a spiritual message to customers you can select Christian address labels. Above all else when searching for address labels for your business, try to find printable address labels or self-adhesives that come in various shapes, styles and sizes. When you are in business, chances are you will mail packages and letters of all shapes and sizes. You want your labels to match!

    Free address labels are also available. These labels work well for personal mailings. You may also use them for your business, but they may be harder to come by. Some companies only offer free address labels if you sign up for or buy a product or service. Other people rely on free labels they get in the mail, but this is definitely not a choice if you are in business. You want to make sure you have a steady supply of address, mailing and return labels on hand at any given time. Fortunately you can order most of your address labels online for just pennies on the dollar. Many companies offer overnight delivery, and most keep your information so you can reorder quickly and efficiently.

    About the Author

    Antigone Arthur is a successful freelance writer with 10 years of professional experience providing consumers with informative articles on such topics as address labels, free address labels, and address stamps.

    How To Handle A String Of Losses

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 10:17 am

    Everybody hates to lose and unfortunately no one is blessed with the ability of foresight, therefore losses are an unavoidable part of trading. When we enter a trade we will either be right, or wrong, and even if we broke-even we’d still be classed as being wrong – as nobody enters into a
    trade just to break-even! When unsuccessful traders encounter a string of losses they begin to engage in self-destructive patterns that help them escape the pain they are experiencing.

    In this article we bring to light these self-destructive actions that can help you realize what you are doing before it takes hold of your physical health. If you find yourself already engaged in these patterns hopefully this article can help you to get you back on track as quickly as possible.

    The Destructive Patterns

    If you find yourself caught in a string of losses or a bad performing week/month be sure to monitor your behavior. It is during this time that you will be at your most vulnerable. You will begin to indulge in activities that at first seem harmless, but upon excessive use (or in time), begin to cause physical damage to your health.

    Ask yourself the following question: during during drawdown periods do I find myself over-indulging in these activities:

    > Food (especially junk food – eg. chocolate, ice-cream, chips)?

    > Sex (includes viewing pornography)?

    > Alcohol?

    > Drugs (includes excessive smoking)?

    > Laziness (find it difficult to wake up in the morning)?

    > Entertainment?

    All of the above taken in excessive doses can be detrimental to your own physical health (some even in small doses!).

    These activities above during your losing period are only covering up the pain of confronting the true issue, and your body tries to rid the emotional pain by trying to “fix” it with physical pleasures. Unfortunately it is going about it in the wrong way, so what should you do?

    Firstly… REALIZE WHAT YOU ARE DOING AND STOP IT!

    You need to realize what you’re doing and you need to STOP doing it immediately! You can either decide to stop, or you’ll be forced to stop when your body eventually
    breaks down and prevents you from any form of movement. It will be much more beneficial to you in the long-term if you can decide to stop *NOW*.

    Once you have stopped you now need to figure out a way to solve the pain – not by cutting out or neglecting it, but by staring it in the face. Bring your problems out into the light, be honest with yourself. There can be no growth without pain, you are experiencing the emotional pain, now it is time to find the error and therefore your growth.

    Begin Your Review

    The review process begins in two separate areas: You & Your System. Here are some checklists for you to go through to find out where the problem could lie:

    “YOUR SYSTEM” CHECKLIST

    > Was your system thoroughly tested prior to trading it (or paper traded if you do not have the capacity to programme your system into backtesting software)?

    > Did you test with out-of-sample data?

    > Do you even have a system???? If you do not, how do you even know if the method that you are trading is even profitable??

    > Is your system’s code correct?

    > Did you over-optimize your system? (what have we discussed about over-indulging?)

    > Did you paper trade your system prior to placing capital on it?

    > Did you trade with a small amount of capital prior to placing the rest of your funds on it?

    > Do you know the system’s limitations?

    > Did you properly drill your system? (see our blog article on why I am the system designer from hell)

    “YOU” CHECKLIST

    > Is the current drawdown you are exhibiting with your system normal?

    > Are you comfortable with your system’s historical drawdown performance?

    > Are you fully aware of the risks involved with your system and the instrument(s) you are trading?

    > Are you trading with funds that you are comfortable risking?

    > Are you relying too heavily on your performance?

    > Have you set realistic goals?

    As you can see there are generally two areas that you need to explore: the mechanical aspect – your system – and the emotional aspect – you. Both can be responsible for making the way you feel the way you do. It will either be an error on the system’s side with how the system was tested and/or programmed, or it can be your own psychological profile not being comfortable with the system’s performance.

    Your Answers = Change = Your Growth

    What steps should we now take? Now that we have begun a corrective process where we have stopped the evil nature of our over-indulging ways to take control we should continue our “corrective nature” by invoking our findings and taking ACTION in correcting our errors.

    If the problem was mechanical – fix it, if the problem was emotional either go about setting up new thought patterns, or change your current system. The answers lie in whether you need to expand your knowledge in system development, or whether you need to grow emotionally as a person.

    Unfortunately there is no easy road, and even if there was everybody would be doing it. Hopefully this article has made you ponder over some of your behaviors during drawdown periods, be sure to keep an eye on yourself and as always take care of your body, because there’s no use in making all the money in the world when you don’t have the physical capacity to enjoy it.

    Ryan Sheehy is the author of http://www.currencysecrets.com where you will find more free articles and resources on forex trading. You can also subscribe for free to their monthly newsletter.

    The Wright Place – Finances

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 1:54 am

    Women have a love/hate relationship with money. Most of us do not enjoy dealing with it, yet we know not having finances under control will cause our entire family to suffer.

    A recent guest on the show Karen Franks, explained how important your credit is and how you should check on it often. ‘At least twice a year”, says Karen Franks. Checking our credit is one important proactive way we can make sure we are in good financial shape. She also mentioned that many married women have better credit score than their husbands, even if they do not make as much. When another show guest, Dan Contreras talked about financial planning, he stressed using a professional. ‘Don’t rely on hearsay, get some real understanding about your situation.” And Linda Hollander the author or Bags to Riches says “Mentors are the fast track to success”. Find someone who has reached the same financial goals you want to reach and then do what they did. This simple technique works even if your goals are modest. While everyone’s situation is different, I really just want to motivate you to do something to have a positive effect on your finances. Here are a few simple things you can do that will start the ball rolling.

    1. Get a copy of your credit report and check it for errors( free if you have been turned down for credit)

    2. Look at your savings plan, are you on track, do you need to increase or decrease the amounts you are trying to save?

    3. Look for your insurance policies, be able to get them immediately, know exactly where they are.

    4. Start some financial education with your children. Start a student saving account.

    5. Start planning next year’s financial goals. What do you want to change, what goals do you want to accomplish, what new accounts do you need to open and which accounts should be closed.

    If you handle your finances you’ll be in The Wright Place!

    About The Author

    Dr. Letitia S. Wright, D.C. is the host of The Wright Place TV Show, a talk show for women, which can been seen on dish or direct TV channel KHIZ on Sundays at 6:30 PM, or seen on the Internet at www.wrightplacetv.com or cable television channels in your area. She can be reached at info@wrightplacetv.com or 909-635-2040 for questions, comments or interviews.

    Forex Signal, Forex Signals Advice

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 12:18 am

    There are lot’s of Forex signals providers out there. New Forex traders might be thinking of looking for a reliable Forex signals provider. Is there any reliable Forex signals providers available?

    Personally, I will say do not pay for Forex signals. Think about it – if a Forex signals provider sells Forex signals for living, you can doubt their Forex trading skills? Or else if they are pretty good in Forex trading and making lot’s of profit, I am wondering why do they still bother to sell Forex signals for money. Thus, what would be the value of such Forex signals providers? The answer is ZERO.

    There are Forex traders who have been relying on Forex signals arguing those Forex signals providers really help them making money in Forex trading. These Forex traders can even show their Forex trading logs as evidence. After some though, I came out with the assumption that assuming I am the owner of a Forex signals provider, in order for my business to be in black, obviously I need some satisfying customers……

    Full article available at:
    http://www.forex.labuan.net/forex-signal.html

    Alvin Han is the editor of http://www.forex.labuan.net

    May 21, 2009

    The Function of Money and its Future

    Filed under: Finance Information @ 11:31 pm

    Originally exchange took place without the use of money, by barter. Long before money had come into the commercial world people exchanged goods for goods. This system of barter made it possible to satisfy many wants that would otherwise have gone unsatisfied. Barter raised the standard of living, but under such a system the exchange of goods was greatly hampered. To barter requires that both buyer and seller need each other’s goods. Again, indivisible quantities hindered the exchange, since half a canoe or half a cow could not enter into barter. Nor was there under the barter system any standard of value. A ratio was expressed between canoes and arrows if they were traded for each other, but such an exchange gave no hint as to the ratio of bread to meet, or even of canoes to meet. Because of these disadvantages money was introduced into the commercial system as an intermediary, for which all goods could be sold and with which all goods could be bought. Thus money serves its first function, as a medium of exchange.

    Money is a medium of exchange universally acceptable for goods and services. Originally the medium was the commodity most common in the trade of the time and place. Cattle served in Greece in the days of Homer. Grain, furs (in the Hudson Bay region), oil, salt, ivory, tea, wampum (among the American Indians), tobacco (in the colony of Virginia), and many other commodities served in various parts of the world as media of exchange. For them all things were sold; with them all things can be purchased. They were the money of the time. But gradually a tendency developed to use the metals, iron, copper, silver, and gold.

    When first used the metal was not in the form of coins, but consisted of a certain weight. To guarantee the weight (and later the fineness) it became customary to stamp the metal with a government seal. We still have as the British standard coin, the pound, originally a pound of silver. But this stamp piece did not prevent “sweaters” from clipping off bits, and making the money short in weight. To prevent this, the seal or stamp was then affixed to both top and bottom of the piece. Sweaters then clipped the sides. Now coins are milled; that is, the sides are marked with corrugations to prevent clipping. Today money has come to consist of coins and cash that perform a function as a medium of exchange.

    Under barter there is no standard of value, no least common denominator of values. With money we have a medium in which all values may be expressed, and money enters into its second function, to serve as a standard of value. Under a money regime we express all values in the commercial world in terms of a standard coin, in the United States in terms of dollars. With all goods related to one common standard, we know it wants the relation to one another of all commodities whose value is stated in money. If one product has its value stated as one dollar and the second as five dollars, we know that the ratio value of one to the other is one to five.

    Money performs a further service. Borrowing and paying of debts has always constituted an important phase of commerce. The difficulty that we experience in using money as the standard of deferred payment is due to its instability and the change in its purchasing power. People are not interested in money, but in what it will buy. The purchasing power of money depends upon price level, which depending on government stability, changes drastically over periods of time.

    The future for money in the global economy will enable quicker and more seamless transactions. Those with goods and services in countries worldwide will efficiently be able to process exchanges. As money continues to evolve so will its availability. The Internet is rapidly changing the face of money and with this change will come new opportunity to profit from it.

    Matt Sherborne is the creator of “Get Rich Trading E-Currency” For more information please visit his website at: http://www.dxingold.com

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